Overview:
The terabit router is the switching "companion piece" to the terabit speeds that can be generated by the latest DWDM fiber systems. They allow control and access to the fabulous raw capacity made available by DWDM and M-DWDM. This is essential considering the forecasted growth in data network traffic. This report analyzes the emergence of DWDM open architecture' to provision wavelengths for various services and speeds. The need to terminate, control and cross connect large numbers of very high speed circuits is discussed. Finally, the growth of M-DWDM as a market driver for terabit routers is presented.
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Summary of Concepts
This chapter offers the reader wishing to get an over view of the contents of this report a way to do so relatively quickly. These entries are taken directly out of the text of the report. No effort has been made to provide continuity between the thoughts, as that is one of the jobs of the full text.
The Terabit Router is the switching ‘companion piece’ to the terabit speeds that can be generated by the latest DWDM fiber systems. Terabit routers are simply the largest (from a traffic-handling viewpoint); most powerful; most capable switches ever conceived. They allow control and access to the fabulous raw capacity made available by DWDM and M-DWDM. (From Introduction)
The real bottom line on this growth is that network traffic is going (actually has already started) to grow as never before. Equally important, the basic characteristic of the traffic is going to change from voice to data. (From Market Drivers)
The net of these changes is the need to be able to add a great deal of capacity, and to dedicate a major portion of that capacity to IP. To meet these needs the DWDM ‘open architecture’ is emerging. This architecture strips the DWDM equipment down to the bare essentials for deriving and combining the separate wavelengths, and allows direct access to these wavelengths. This approach allows the provision of wavelengths for various services and speeds. It allows the use of, for example, one wavelength for the traditional SONET services, while using the others for direct ‘IP on glass.’ (From Market Drivers)
All of this transmission capacity has led to the need to be able to switch previously unheard of amounts of traffic. In addition we now need to be able to terminate, control and cross connect large numbers of very high-speed circuits. (From Market Drivers)
The emergence of M-DWDM brings an added need to interface the M-DWDM rings and the long haul DWDM rings. The TR presents an excellent way to interface those two. Thus the growth of M-DWDM will be a driver of the need for TR’s. (From Market Drivers - edited)
So what are the differences? Let’s look at the major components to identify the differences:
- Line Cards – in the terabit routers these are populated with specially designed, high speed ASIC’s that perform functions traditionally performed by much slower software.
- Connection Medium – this is changed to fiber in at least one of the new router designs (Pluris TNR).
- Switch Matrix – in most of the new designs these are implemented in high speed ASCI crosspoint technology.
- Processors – the functionality of the control sections are being limited to avoid bottlenecks. (From Technology and Applications -edited)
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Figure 24, Heart of the City Battle
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF FIGURES
SUMMARY OF CONCEPTS
TERABIT ROUTERS – THE CONVERGED NETWORK’S BASIC BUILDING BLOCK
INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS A ROUTER?
- WHY USE ROUTERS?
- WHAT IS A TERABIT ROUTER?
- TERABIT ROUTERS - NEW ROLES IN THE NETWORK.
MARKET DRIVERS
- THE INTERNET
- DWDM
- M-DWDM
- INTEREST BY MAJOR EQUIPMENT VENDORS
- NETWORK PROVIDERS GROWTH
- MARKET DRIVERS SUMMARY
TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS
- TRADITIONAL ROUTER TECHNOLOGY
- TRADITIONAL ROUTER APPLICATIONS
- TERABIT ROUTER DESIGNS
- TERABIT ROUTERS - THE EQUIPMENT
- Alternative Architectures
- TERABIT ROUTER SOFTWARE
- Basic Transmission Protocols; SONET, ATM, IP
- Why Are the Differences of these Protocols Important?
- Type of Transmission
- Cell Tax
- Class of Transmission
- Summary of Protocol Characteristics
- Terabit Routers’ Protocols
- Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Quality of Service (QoS) Protocols
- APPLICATIONS
- Faster Routing
- Tying Rings Together - How Are the Rings Interconnected?
- Bridges
- Baseband
- Traffic Engineered
- Electronic Cross-Connect Systems
- Terabit Routers as Ring Connectors
- M-DWDM to DWDM Interconnects
- The ‘Intelligence’ of the Network
- Current Approach
- New Approaches
- Other Emerging Approaches
- Applications Summary
CURRENT DEPLOYMENTS
- PSINET
- GLOBAL CROSSING TRIALS
- WILLIAMS BETA TRAILS
- ENRON CORP
- AT&T ACCELERATES UPGRADE
- FRONTIER ACTIVITIES
- AVICI ACTIVITIES
- PLURIS BETA ACTIVITIES
- JUNIPER NETWORKS
- NETCORE FIELD TRIALS
THE VENDORS OF TERABIT ROUTERS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT
- TERABIT ROUTERS
- Avici
- Charlotte’s Web Networks, Ltd.
- IronBridge Networks
- Pluris
- GIGABIT ROUTERS
- Argon Networks Inc.
- Cisco Systems
- Dynarc, Inc.
- Juniper Networks
- Lucent Technologies
- NetCore Systems
- Nexabit Networks
- Torrent Networking Technologies
- OTHER DEVICES
- Lucent Technologies
- Monterey Networks
- Sycamore Networks Inc.
MARKET FORECASTS
- DWDM / M-DWDM FORECASTS
- Short-term Market Growth
- Long-Term Market Growth
- US Market
- TERABIT ROUTER MARKET FORECASTS
- DWDM / M-DWDM Forecast Charts
- Terabit Router Forecasts
PRICE FORECASTS
THE ‘ROUTE’ TO SUCCESS
Table of Figures
FIGURE 1, WORLDWIDE INTERNET USERS
FIGURE 2, GROWTH OF IMPORTANCE OF DATA TRAFFIC
FIGURE 3, WORLD MARKET FOR DWDM
FIGURE 4, M-DWDM US MARKET
FIGURE 5, MAJOR VENDOR PURCHASES OF TR MAKERS
FIGURE 6, ILLUSTRATION OF 400% GROWTH RATE
FIGURE 7 ROUTER LAYOUT
FIGURE 9, MATRIX INTERCONNECT
FIGURE 10, PORT INTERCONNECT
FIGURE 11, EQUIPMENT TABLE
FIGURE 12, ARCHITECTURAL OPTIONS FOR TR’S
FIGURE 13, OSI MODEL
FIGURE 14, SONET, ATM, IP
FIGURE 15, SONET FRAME
FIGURE 16, ATM CELL STRUCTURE
FIGURE 17, IP FRAME STRUCTURE
FIGURE 18, SUMMARY OF PROTOCOL CHARACTERISTICS
FIGURE 19, ROUTER PROTOCOLS
FIGURE 20, MPLS ROUTING
FIGURE 21, MULTIPLE RINGS
FIGURE 22, CONNECTION OF RINGS
FIGURE 31, TERABIT ROUTER INTERCONNECT
FIGURE 24, HEART OF THE CITY BATTLE
FIGURE 25, EXAMPLE OF SONET / ATM NETWORK
FIGURE 26, ROUTER CONTROLLED DWDM
FIGURE 27, DWDM MESH NETWORK
FIGURE 28, OPTICALLY STEERED NETWORKS
FIGURE 29, SUMMARY OF VENDORS
FIGURE 30, WORLD DWDM MARKET
FIGURE 31, WORLD DWDM DETAILS
FIGURE 32, US DWDM MARKET BY CARRIER TYPE
FIGURE 33, METRO DWDM MARKET
FIGURE 34, US MARKET OPTICAL AMPS
FIGURE 35, VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF TERABIT ROUTER MARKET
FIGURE 36, REGRESSION LINE OF ‘EXPERTS’ FORECASTS
FIGURE 37, PROJECTION OF ‘EXPERT’S’ FORECASTS
FIGURE 38, DWDM/ M-DWDM IMPLIED FORECAST
FIGURE 39, BEST TERABIT MARKET PROJECTION
FIGURE 40, PRICE FORECAST
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